Gqibezela iSikhokelo kwi.NET Tutorials, Framework, Tools and Apps

Ikhaya » Python » Gqibezela iSikhokelo kwi.NET Tutorials, Framework, Tools and Apps

.NET ibe yenye yezona zinto ziguquguqukayo nezinamandla ecosystems ukwakhiwa kwezicelo phantse naluphi na uhlobo: ukusuka kwizixhobo zedesktop zeWindows zakudala ukuya kwii-APIs zewebhu zanamhlanje, ii-backends ze-cloud-native, ii-apps eziphathwayo, imidlalo, izisombululo ze-IoT nokunye. Ukuba ukhangela Gqibezela izifundo ze-NET ngesiNgesi, kulula ukuziva ulahlekile phakathi kwesakhelo, iinguqulelo, iilwimi kunye nezixhobo ezifana neC#, F#, ASP.NET Core okanye iKhowudi yeSitudiyo esiBonakalayo. Esi sikhokelo sidibanisa kwaye sibhala kwakhona, kwindawo enye, iikhonsepthi ezibalulekileyo kunye namanyathelo asebenzayo owadingayo ukuze uqonde ngokwenene ukuba iqonga lisebenza njani kunye nendlela yokuqalisa ukuyisebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo.

Kulo lonke eli nqaku uya kuhamba ngelizwe le-NET ukusuka kwi-zero ukuya kwiimbono eziphambili: yintoni .NET eneneni, njani .NET Framework yahluka kwi-platform ye-cross-platform yangoku .NET (Core/5+), yeyiphi imifuziselo yesicelo ekhoyo, ixesha lokuqhuba kunye nolwakhiwo lwayo lulungelelaniswe, kutheni iindibano kunye nezithuba zamagama zibalulekile, indlela yokuphatha ngaphandle kunye nomsebenzi wokhuseleko, kunye nendlela yokulungisa okusingqongileyo kwi-Visual Studio okanye i-VS Code ukuze ubhale okokuqala Ihlabathi eliMnandi kwi C# kunye no F#. Injongo kukuthoba ithiyori, uyidibanise nemeko yokwenyani, kwaye ikunike imephu yengqondo ukuze nayiphi na enye i-.NET tutorial oyifundayo kamva uzive kulula kakhulu ukuyilandela.

Yintoni .NET kwaye unokwakha ngayo?

.NET liqonga lasimahla, elivulekileyo, elinqamlezayo lomphuhlisi weqonga yenzelwe ukuba wenze iindidi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zesoftware usebenzisa ixesha ekwabelwana ngalo, iilayibrari zeklasi kunye nezixhobo. Nge-.NET yangoku (i-evolution ye.NET Core) ungajolisa IiWindows, iLinux kunye neMacOS kunye nokwakha usetyenziso lwewebhu, ii-desktop apps, iinkonzo, ii-microservices, izisombululo zamafu, ii-apps eziphathwayo ezine-Xamarin/.NET MAUI, imidlalo enoBumbano, ii-apps ze-IoT kunye nokunye, zonke zine-ecosystem edibeneyo.

Elinye lamandla aphambili e.NET kukuba ixhasa iilwimi ezininzi zokuprograma kwangelo xesha. Ezona zixhaphakileyo zi C# kwaye F#, kodwa ngokwembali ikwaxhasa I-VB.NET kunye nezinye iilwimi ezihambelana neCLI. Zonke ziqokelela phantsi ziye kumelo oluphakathi kwaye zabelane ngamathala eencwadi asisiseko esifanayo. Oko kuthetha ukuba ungadibanisa amacandelo abhalwe ngeelwimi ezahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kwisisombululo esifanayo kwaye ufumane indlela yokuziphatha kunye nezixhobo ezifanayo.

Enye inzuzo enkulu ye.NET yingqokelela yayo enkulu yamathala eencwadi eyakhelweyo (iilayibrari zeklasi) ezikunika umsebenzi osele ulungele ukwenza imisebenzi eqhelekileyo: ingqokelela, ifayile kunye nolawulo lolawulo, uthungelwano, i-cryptography, ukufikelela kwisiseko sedatha, i-XML kunye ne-JSON processing, parallelism, reflection kunye nokunye okuninzi. Endaweni yokubuyisela ivili, usebenza ngaphezulu kwendawo evuthiweyo ye-API eye yavavanywa iminyaka kwiindawo zeshishini.

Iqonga le-.NET langoku liyimodyuli kwaye lijolise ekusebenzeni. Unokukhetha kuphela iipakethi ozifunayo nge-NuGet, uxhamle kusetyenziso lwe-JIT kwaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuhlanganiswa kwangaphambili okanye ukucheba ukunciphisa ubungakanani bokuthunyelwa. Xa kuthelekiswa nezipakisho ezininzi zetekhnoloji endala, oku kukhokelela kumaxesha okuqalisa okukhawulezayo, ukusetyenziswa kwememori engcono kunye nokuhanjiswa lula kwizikhongozeli kunye neenkonzo zelifu.

I-Classic .NET Framework vs yangoku .NET (Core/5+)

Xa abantu bethetha nge ".NET tutorials" banokuthetha amaqonga amabini ahluke kancinane: iklasikhi .NET Framework kwaye entsha, imanyene .NET (Core/5/6/7 nasemva koko). Ukuqonda umahluko kukunceda ukhethe ukuba zeziphi izifundo kunye namaxwebhu asebenzayo kwiprojekthi yakho kunye nendawo oza kutyala kuyo ixesha lakho lokufunda.

.NET Framework kukuphunyezwa kokuqala kweqonga, igxile kwi Windows kuphela. Ikuvumela ukuba wakhe i-desktop apps (WinForms, WPF), izicelo zewebhu kunye neeFom zeWebhu ze-ASP.NET kunye ne-ASP.NET MVC, iinkonzo zeWindows kunye nezicelo zeshishini ezihamba phezu kwe-Windows OS. Iza nenkqubo yokusebenza yeWindows okanye ngofakelo lweVisual Studio, kwaye isasetyenziswa kakhulu kwizicelo ezikhoyo zeshishini.

I-.NET yangoku (ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba yi-“.NET Core” ngokwembali) liqonga lomnqamlezo, umthombo ovulekileyo wenguquko oqhubekayo IiWindows, iLinux kunye neMacOS. Iphuhliswe ngokusebenzayo kwaye lukhetho olucetyiswayo lweeprojekthi ezintsha. Inika inkxaso kwi Imeko ye-ASP.NET iiapps zewebhu kunye nee-APIs, ii-microservices ezilungele ilifu, iinkonzo zabasebenzi, ii-apps ze-cross-platform console, kwaye ixhasa ukusebenza kwale mihla kunye neemeko zokusasaza njengezikhongozeli kunye nemisebenzi engenaseva.

Umgaqo osebenzayo wesithupha ulula kakhulu: qhubeka usebenzisa i-.NET Framework kuphela xa kufuneka ugcine okanye wandise isoftware yeshishini esele ikhona yeWindows kuphela exhomekeke kubuchwephesha obungekhoyo kwi-NET entsha okwangoku, njengeenguqulelo ezindala zeeFomu zeWebhu. Kuphuhliso olutsha, uninzi lwezifundo ezisemthethweni, amaxwebhu kunye nezixhobo zikhokelela kuwe .NET 6/7/8 nangaphaya, kuba kulapho iifitsha ezintsha kunye nokuphuculwa komsebenzi zifika khona.

Nokuba ukwi .NET Framework okanye yangoku .NET, ezininzi iingcamango ezingundoqo zihlala zifana ngokuchanekileyo: Ixesha lokuSebenza koLwimi oluqhelekileyo (CLR), ingcamango yeendibano, ilayibrari yeklasi, inkqubo yohlobo, ukuphatha ngaphandle kunye nomzekelo weprogram jikelele. Yiyo loo nto ukuqonda i-architecture kunye nesigama kuhlawulela nokuba uhamba phakathi kweenguqulelo zesikhokelo.

.NET Framework iziseko kunye neempawu

.NET Framework yenzelwe ukubonelela ngemeko-bume ekhuselekileyo nengaguqukiyo yophumezo yezicelo ezibhalwe ngeelwimi ezinje nge C# kunye ne VB.NET. Ikhowudi iqhuba ngaphezulu kwexesha elilawulwayo elithatha inkathalo yolawulo lwenkumbulo, inyanzelise uhlobo lokhuseleko kwaye yenza lula inkxalabo yenqanaba lenkqubo kumphuhlisi. Isiphumo kukuba uninzi lweekhowudi zemihla ngemihla lugxile kwingqiqo yeshishini endaweni yemibhobho yamanzi ekwinqanaba elisezantsi.

Olunye uphawu oluchazayo yinkxaso yeelwimi ezininzi ngexesha elinye lokuqhutywa. Isakhelo sinokubamba ikhowudi ebhalwe ngeelwimi ezahlukeneyo ngokude nje ukuba bahlanganise kulwimi olufanayo oluphakathi kwaye balandele imithetho yeNkqubo yoHlobo oluQhelekileyo. Oku kuvula umnyango wokudala amacandelo kulwimi olufanele iqela okanye imeko ngelixa lusavumela ukusebenzisana okugudileyo phakathi kwabo.

I-.NET Framework ikwathunyelwa ngelayibrari yeklasi enkulu equka imisebenzi efana nokuphatha umtya, ingqokelela, umhla kunye nexesha, ukusebenza kwenkqubo yefayile, uqhagamshelo lwedathabheyisi, uthungelwano, ufihlo, umboniso, ukusetyenzwa kweXML nokunye okuninzi. Endaweni yokuthembela kwizinto ezingenakubalwa zeqela lesithathu kuwo wonke umsebenzi osisiseko, uhlala uqala ngento enikezelwa yiqonga ngaphandle kwebhokisi.

Ulawulo lwenkumbulo oluzenzekelayo lubonelelwa ngoMqokeleli wenkunkuma (GC), ethi ngamaxesha athile iskena izinto ezilawulwayo kwaye ikhulule ezo zingasabhekiselwanga kuzo. Oku kunciphisa umngcipheko wokuvuza kwememori kunye neebhugi ezinxulumene nesalathisi eziqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezingalawulwayo, kwaye kukhulula abaphuhlisi ekwabeni ngesandla kunye nokukhulula izixhobo ezininzi.

Ukhuseleko ludityaniswe nzulu kwi-.NET Framework usebenzisa iindlela ezinje ngoKhuseleko loFikelelo lweKhowudi (CAS), uhlobo lokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokhuseleko olusekwe kwindima. Ngokudibeneyo, obu buchule bunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ikhowudi iziphatha ngaphakathi kweemvume zayo ezivunyelweyo, ukuba ayenzi imisebenzi engakhuselekanga, kwaye isazisi somsebenzisi kunye neendima zinokusetyenziswa ukunyanzelisa ulawulo lofikelelo olusulungekileyo ngaphakathi kwezicelo zakho.

Uyilo lwezakhiwo: I-CLR, ilayibrari yeklasi kunye nabaqulunqi

Uyilo lwe.NET luchazwa ngokwesiqhelo kwiileya ezininzi ezinengqiqo. Emazantsi unenkqubo yokusebenza kunye nehardware; ngasentla kuhleli ixesha lokusebenza; emva koko iilayibrari zeklasi; kwaye okokugqibela iilwimi kunye nezicwangciso zesicelo okhowuda ngokuchasene nazo. Umaleko ngamnye unoxanduva oluchaziweyo olugcina inkqubo imodyuli kwaye igcineke.

Ixesha lokuSebenza koLwimi oluQhelekileyo (CLR) yintliziyo yemodeli yophumezo. Inoxanduva lokulayisha iindibano, ukulawula imemori, ukwenza ukuqokelela inkunkuma, ukuphatha ngaphandle, ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yokhuseleko, kunye nokubonelela ngeenkonzo zentambo kunye nokuvumelanisa. Zonke izicelo ze-NET, kungakhathaliseki ulwimi, ekugqibeleni ziqhuba phantsi kweliso le-CLR.

Ngaphezulu kwexesha lokusebenza kuhlala iLayibrari yeKlasi yeSikhokelo (FCL), isethi etyebileyo, enokusetyenziswa kwakhona yeeklasi, ujongano, ubalo kunye neendidi zexabiso. Ezi zi-API ozisebenzisayo kuphuhliso lwemihla ngemihla: ukufunda nokubhala iifayile, ukusebenza kunye neengqokelela kunye neegenerics, ukufowunela iinkonzo zewebhu, ukufikelela kwiidathabheyisi, izinto ze-serializing, ukucubungula i-XML kunye nokunye. Ngenxa yokuba eli thala leencwadi liyahambelana kwiqonga, ukulifunda kanye kuhlawula iprojekthi nganye ye-NET oyakhayo.

Abaqulunqi bolwimi abanje nge C# okanye VB.NET compiler baguqula ikhowudi yakho yomthombo kumboniso ophakathi obizwa ngokuba yiMicrosoft Intermediate Language (MSIL okanye IL). Le khowudi ye-IL igcinwe kwiindibano kwaye i-platform-agnostic ukuya kwelo nqanaba. Xa inkqubo yakho iqhuba, i Umqokeleli wexesha nje (JIT). iguqulela i-IL kwimiyalelo engqalileyo yomatshini eyenzelwe inkqubo yokusebenza kunye ne-CPU apho ikhowudi isetyenziswa khona.

Le nkqubo yokuhlanganiswa kwamanyathelo amabini ibonelela ngolungelelwano oluhle phakathi kokuphatheka kunye nokusebenza. Ufumana ukusebenzisana phakathi kweelwimi kunye namaqonga kwinqanaba le-IL, ngelixa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-JIT kuvumela ixesha lokusebenza ukuba lisebenzise ukulungiswa okusekwe kwindawo eyiyo apho ikhowudi isebenza khona, ngamanye amaxesha kunye neendlela zokuphucula iindlela ezishushu kakhulu.

Iikhonsepthi eziphambili zexesha lokusebenza: i-MSIL, i-CTS, i-CLS kunye nekhowudi elawulwayo

Ukuqonda iikhonsepthi ezimbalwa zexesha lokubaleka kuya kwenza izifundo eziphucukileyo zibe lula ukwetyisa. Zivela rhoqo xa ufunda amaxwebhu obugcisa okanye uphonononga izixhobo zokuxilonga kwi-.NET.

I-MSIL (uLwimi lweMicrosoft oluPhakathi) yiseti yemiyalelo yomgangatho ophantsi yenziwe ngabaqokeleli be-.NET. Ayibophelelekanga kuyo nayiphi na i-CPU ethile. Endaweni yoko, ichaza imisebenzi ngolwimi olusekwe kwi-stack eqondwa yi-CLR. Ngaphambi kokubulawa, umqokeleli weJIT uguqula i-MSIL ibe yikhowudi yoomatshini bomthonyama efanelekileyo kwimeko yangoku.

INkqubo yoHlobo oluQhelekileyo (CTS) ichaza indlela iindidi zedatha ezakhiwe ngayo kwaye ziziphatha ngayo kwihlabathi .NET. Icacisa izinto ezifana nendlela iiklasi, ujongano, ii-enums, izakhiwo kunye nabathunywa kufuneka bamelwe ukuze zonke iilwimi ezikwiqonga zikwazi ukusebenzisana ngokukhuselekileyo. Enkosi kwi-CTS, udidi oluchazwe kwi-C# lunokutyiwa yi-VB.NET okanye F# ngaphandle kokukhuhlana.

I-Common Language Specification (CLS) yisethi ephantsi ecuthiweyo yemithetho ye-CTS abayili beelwimi abavumayo ukuyilandela ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwimi lwabo luyasebenzisana nolunye. Ukuba unamathela kwiimpawu ezithobelayo ze-CLS xa uyila ii-API zikawonke-wonke, ezinye iilwimi ze-NET ziyakukwazi ukusebenzisa amathala akho ngaphandle kokubetha imida engaqhelekanga okanye ukungahambelani.

.NET yahlula phakathi kwekhowudi elawulwayo nengalawulwayo. Ikhowudi elawulwayo yiyo yonke into eyenziwa phantsi kolawulo lwe-CLR: imemori ilandelwa ngumqokeleli wenkunkuma, uhlobo lwemithetho yokukhusela ihlolwe, ngaphandle kokuphathwa ngendlela ehleliweyo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokukhusela isetyenziswa. Ikhowudi engalawulwayo, ngokuchaseneyo, idlula i-CLR kwaye iqhube ngokuthe ngqo kwi-OS (umzekelo, iilayibrari zomthonyama zeC okanye zeC ++). Kwi-NET ungasebenzisana namalungu angalawulwayo nge-interop, kodwa uphulukana neziqinisekiso ezininzi zokhuseleko ngelixa usenza njalo.

Iimodeli zosetyenziso kwi-.NET ecosystem

Esinye sezizathu .NET tutorials zinokujongeka zahluke kakhulu enye kwenye kukuba iqonga lixhasa imifuziselo yezicelo ezininzi, nganye ijolise kuhlobo oluthile losetyenziso: idesktop, iwebhu, iinkonzo, ufikelelo lwedatha okanye ubutyebi besikhokelo se UI. Ukwazi ezona zibalulekileyo kukunceda ukhethe indlela yokufundisa eyiyo kwiinjongo zakho.

Iifomu zeWindows (iWinForms) yinkqubo ye-UI yedesktop yakudala ngokwenza usetyenziso lweWindows lwemveli. Ibonelela ngabayili bokutsala kunye nokuwisa, ulawulo oluqhelekileyo olufana namaqhosha, iilebhile, iibhokisi zeteksti kunye neemenyu, kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kumgca-wezixhobo zoshishino. Ngelixa ingeyiyo yala maxesha njengezikhokelo ezitsha, ihlala ifanelekile ekugcineni usetyenziso esele ikho kunye nezinto eziluncedo zangaphakathi ezikhawulezayo.

I-ASP.NET yiambrela yophuhliso lwewebhu kwi.NET Framework. Ibandakanya iiFom zeWebhu, i-ASP.NET MVC kunye ne-ASP.NET Web API, itekhnoloji ekuvumela ukuba wakhe iiwebhusayithi kunye neenkonzo ze-HTTP ezinonikezelo lwecala leseva, ulawulo lukarhulumente, i-caching, ukuqinisekiswa nokunye. Kwi-stack yanamhlanje, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo Imeko ye-ASP.NET, eqhuba iqonga elinqamlezileyo kwaye limanyanisa i-MVC kunye neWebhu API ibe yimodeli yenkqubo enye.

I-ADO.NET yitekhnoloji yokufikelela kwidatha eyayisetyenziswa ngokwembali kwi-.NET Framework. Ikunika izinto ezifana SqlConnection, SqlCommand kwaye iSeti yedatha ukwenza imibuzo kunye nokusebenzisana noovimba beenkcukacha ezinjengomncedisi weSQL. Ngelixa ii-ORM ezikumgangatho ophezulu njengeSikhokelo seSigqeba ngoku zihleli phezulu kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuqonda i-ADO.NET kukunceda ukuba uqonde okwenzekayo ngasemva koomaleko abangakumbi.

I-Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) sisikhokelo se-UI yedesktop ephucukileyo kwakhona ijolise kwiiWindows, ezakhelwe malunga ne-XAML markup, ukubopha idatha, izimbo kunye neetemplates. Ixhasa oopopayi, imizobo ephucukileyo kunye nokwahlula okucocekileyo phakathi kwe-UI kunye nengqiqo. Izifundiso malunga neMVVM (iModel‑View‑ViewModel) ihlala isebenzisa iWPF njengendawo yereferensi yokwakha usetyenziso olugcinekayo lwedesktop.

I-Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) igxile kunxibelelwano olusasazwayo phakathi kwezicelo. Yenzelwe ukwakha izakhiwo ezijolise kwinkonzo, ivumela unxibelelwano kwiiprotocol ezahlukeneyo (i-HTTP, i-TCP, imibhobho enegama, njl.njl.) kunye nezibophelelo eziqwalaselweyo, ukhuseleko kunye neefomathi zomyalezo. Ngelixa ii-apps ezintsha zihlala zithanda i-RESTful APIs nge-ASP.NET Core, i-WCF isenamandla okudityaniswa kwamashishini amaninzi.

I-Workflow Foundation (WF) ibonelela ngesakhelo sokuchaza kunye nokwenza ukuhamba komsebenzi ezimele iinkqubo zoshishino. Esikhundleni sokufaka ikhowudi yonke inkqubo yokulawula ngesandla, uqamba imisebenzi emele amanyathelo afana nokuthumela ii-imeyile, ukulinda igalelo okanye ukuhlaziya iirekhodi. Ixesha lokuqhuba lilawula ukuqhubela phambili kwale misebenzi, ukwenza iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zigcineke ngakumbi kwaye ziqapheleke.

Iindibano: iibhloko zokwakha ze-.NET izicelo

Kwi-.NET, iyunithi yobeko kunye noguqulelo olusisiseko kuthiwa yindibano. Nanini na xa uqokelela iprojekthi, imveliso iqhelekile .izembe or .izonke ifayile, zombini ziziindibano. Usetyenziso lweConsole okanye usetyenziso lweWindows GUI ludla ngokuqokelela kwiifayile ze.exe, kanti iilayibrari zeklasi kunye nezinto ezisebenzisekayo ziphela njengeefayile ze.dll.

Indibano iqulethe iinkcukacha ezininzi ezibalulekileyo: ikhowudi yeMSIL eqokelelweyo yeentlobo zakho kunye neendlela, imetadata etyebileyo echaza ezo ntlobo, i-manifest echaza indibano kwaye idwelise ukuxhomekeka kwayo, kunye nazo naziphi na izixhobo ezilungisiweyo njengemifanekiso, iifayile zoqwalaselo okanye imitya yendawo. Le phakheji ivumela ixesha lokusebenza ukuba lazi kakuhle ukuba yintoni indibano ebonelela ngayo kwaye yintoni efunekayo ukuze iqhube ngokuchanekileyo.

Iindibano zabucala zenzelwe ukusetyenziswa sisicelo esinye. Bahlala kwifolda yesicelo kwaye balayishwe ngqo ukusuka apho. Le ndlela igcina ukuhanjiswa kulula xa i-app enye kuphela ifuna ithala leencwadi kwaye akukho mfuneko yokwabelana ngayo kwiiprojekthi ezininzi kumatshini omnye.

Iindibano ekwabelwana ngazo, kwelinye icala, zenzelwe ukuba ziphinde zisetyenziswe zizicelo ezininzi. Kwi-.NET Framework, ezi ndibano zinokufakwa kwi I-Global Assembly Cache (GAC), uvimba okhethekileyo olawulwa yinkqubo. Oku kwenza ii-apps ezahlukeneyo zireferensi kwithala leencwadi eliguqulelweyo, linceda ukulawula ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwinqanaba leshishini.

Ukusuka kumbono osebenzayo, ukucinga ngokwemigaqo yeendibano kukunceda uyile isoftware yeemodyuli. Uyakwazi ukwahlula ingqiqo yeshishini elingundoqo kwithala leencwadi elinye, izinto eziluncedo ekwabelwana ngazo kwelinye, ikhowudi yeziseko ezingundoqo kwiprojekthi yayo, emva koko uzihlanganisele kwiziphelo zangaphambili ezahlukeneyo (iwebhu, idesktop, iinkonzo) ngaphandle kokuphinda ikhowudi.

Izithuba zamagama kunye nombutho wekhowudi

Izithuba zamagama kwi.NET zibonelela ngesakhiwo esinengqiqo ukulungiselela iindidi eziyeleleneyo ezifana neeklasi, ujongano, ii-enums kunye nabathunywa. Basebenza njengamafolda kwinkqubo yefayile kodwa kwinqanaba lekhowudi, ukunceda ukuphepha ukungqubana kwamagama kunye nokugcina iikhowudi ezinkulu ezilula ukuhamba nokugcina.

Ngokubeka iiklasi ngaphakathi kwezithuba zamagama ezinentsingiselo, uyenza icace kakhulu apho ikhoyo kwi-architecture: i-UI, ukufikelela kwedatha, i-domain logic, iziseko kunye nokunye. Isithuba segama siphinda sibe yinxalenye yodidi olupheleleyo lwegama, nto leyo enciphisa ithuba lokuba amathala eencwadi amabini achaze iklasi ngegama elifanayo elilula kwaye abangele ukungacaci.

Ilayibrari yeklasi esisiseko iveza izithuba ezininzi zamagama ozisebenzisa ngalo lonke ixesha. The isixokelelwano isithuba samagama siquka iindidi ezingundoqo ezifana Umgca, Int32 kwaye console. Inkqubo.IO iqulathe iindidi zefayile kunye nemisebenzi yomsinga njenge ifayile, StreamReader kwaye IFayileStream. Inkqubo.Datha Ukufikelela kwiintlobo ezinxulumene nedatha ezisetyenziswa yi-ADO.NET. System.Net ijongene nemisebenzi yothungelwano, kunye Inkqubo.Xml ibonelela ngeeklasi zokusebenza ngamaxwebhu eXML.

Xa usebenzisa isithuba segama kwi-C# ngomyalelo wokusebenzisa, ungenisa iintlobo zayo kwifayile yangoku ukwenzela ukuba ungabalungeli ngokupheleleyo lonke ixesha. Oku kwenza ikhowudi ibemfutshane ngakumbi ngelixa igcina ukwahlukana okucacileyo phakathi kwamathala eencwadi. Izithuba zamagama zikwavumela iindibano ezahlukeneyo ukuchaza uhlobo olunegama elifanayo elilula ngaphandle kongquzulwano, ukuba nje izithuba zamagama zahlukile.

Ukucwangcisa ngononophelo izithuba zamagama kubaluleke ngakumbi njengoko iiprojekthi zikhula. Uluhlu lwendawo ecocekileyo lubonisa uyilo lwesicelo sakho kwaye lunceda amalungu eqela amatsha ukuba afumane ngokukhawuleza apho uxanduva luhlala khona kwikhowudi yekhowudi, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kugcino lwexesha elide.

Ukuphatha ngaphandle kunye nokomelela kwi-.NET apps

.NET ithembele kakhulu kwizinto ezingaphandle njengendlela esemgangathweni yokubonisa iingxaki zexesha lokubaleka njengegalelo elingasebenziyo, iifayile ezilahlekileyo, ukuphelelwa kwesiseko sedata okanye ulwahlulo ngo-zero. Endaweni yokubuyisela iikhowudi zempazamo kuyo yonke indawo, ikhowudi iphosa ngaphandle okunokuthi kubanjwe kwaye kuphathwe kumaleko afanelekileyo wesicelo sakho.

Ipateni esisiseko ijikeleza itrayi, ukubamba kwaye ekugqibeleni iibhloko. Ubeka ikhowudi enokusilela ngaphakathi a uzame block, uze wongeze enye okanye ngaphezulu kubamba iibhloko zokusabela kwiintlobo ezithile ezikhethekileyo okanye jikelele Ngaphandle xa ufuna ukhuseleko olubanzi. Oku kukuvumela ukuba unike imiyalezo enentsingiselo, esebenziseka lula, iinkcukacha zelogi zoxilongo kwaye, xa kunokwenzeka, uchache kwiimpazamo.

Ibhloko ekugqibeleni isetyenziselwa imisebenzi yokucoca ekufuneka isoloko iqhuba, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kwenzeke okuthile okanye akunjalo. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo iquka ukuvala iifayile okanye imijelo, ukukhulula imidibaniso yedathabheyisi, ukulahla izixhobo ezingalawulwayo okanye ukusetwa kwakhona kwemeko yethutyana. Kuba ekugqibeleni ihlala isenza, yindawo eyomeleleyo yolu hlobo lwengcinga yokugcina indlu.

Unako kwakhona ukuphakamisa okungaqhelekanga ngesandla ngegama elingundoqo lokuphosa xa imithetho yeshishini lakho yophulwa. Umzekelo, ukuba indlela ifumana ingxoxo engasebenziyo, ungaphosa i ArgumentException or ArgumentNullException ukubonakalisa ukuba umnxeba ugqithise into engamkelekanga. Oku kunegalelo kwiikhontrakthi ezicacileyo phakathi kwamacandelo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi komgangatho kwangethuba ekusebenzeni.

Isicwangciso esilungileyo sokuphatha ngaphandle sithetha ukubamba yonke into kuyo yonke indawo, kodwa endaweni yokubamba iimeko apho unokwenza isigqibo: zama kwakhona, sebenzisa umva, bonisa umyalezo onentsingiselo, okanye ulahle uqhaqho. Izifundo zomgangatho ophezulu zihlala zixoxa iipatheni ezifana nokuphatha i-middleware ngaphandle kwelizwe jikelele kwi-ASP.NET Core okanye isikhokelo sokugawula esisembindini esibotshelelwa kwiqhinga lakho lokuphatha iimpazamo.

Iimpawu zokhuseleko kwi-.NET Framework

Ukhuseleko ngummi wodidi lokuqala kwi-.NET ecosystem. Iqonga lidibanisa ukuhlolwa kokufikelela kwekhowudi, ukhuseleko lohlobo, isazisi kunye neemvume, kunye ne-cryptographic APIs ukukhusela zombini inkqubo kunye nabasebenzisi bokugqibela. Xa zisetyenziswa ngokucingisisayo, ezi ndlela zinceda ukuthoba umngcipheko wokuba sesichengeni kwizicelo zakho.

Ukhuseleko lweKhowudi yoFikelelo (i-CAS) ngokwembali yayisetyenziswa ukukhawulela ukuba yintoni ikhowudi enokuyenza ngokusekwe kwimvelaphi yayo, njengomatshini wasekhaya, i-intranethi okanye i-intanethi. Umzekelo, icandelo elikhutshelwe kwiwebhu linokuthintelwa ekufundeni okanye ekubhaleni iifayile zengingqi. Ngelixa imodeli yokhuseleko iye yavela kwimbali ye-NET, ingqikelelo yokunika iimvume ezisekelwe kumgangatho wokuthembana ihlala ibalulekile kwi-sandboxed okanye kwiindawo ezithenjiweyo ngokuyinxenye.

Ngaphambi kokuba ikhowudi ye-IL iqhutywe, i-CLR yenza inyathelo lokuqinisekisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba iluhlobo-lukhuselekile kwaye lulandela imigaqo yeNkqubo yoHlobo oluQhelekileyo. Esi siqinisekiso sikhusela ukufikelela kwimemori engasebenziyo, ukuphosa okungakhuselekanga kunye nezinye iimpazamo ezikwinqanaba elisezantsi ezinokukhokelela kwingozi okanye imingxunya yokhuseleko. Ikhowudi eqinisekisiweyo kuphela evunyelwe ukuba isebenze kwiindawo ezithembekileyo ngokupheleleyo, ezinceda ukukhusela inkqubo yokusingatha.

Ukhuseleko olusekwe kwindima luzisa iitshekhi zogunyaziso ezisekelwe kulwazi lwabasebenzisi kunye neendima. Iqonga linokudityaniswa neeakhawunti zeWindows, iinkqubo zobulungu zesiko okanye ababoneleli besazisi ukumisela ukuba yeyiphi imisebenzi umsebenzisi onikiweyo avunyelwe ukuyenza. Umzekelo, indima yolawulo inokufikelela kwizikrini ezithile zolawulo, ngelixa abasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo bathintelwe kwiimpawu ezisisiseko.

Isakhelo sikwabandakanya inkxaso eyomeleleyo ye-cryptography kwi-System.Security.Cryptography namespace. Unokwenza i-hash data, uguqulele ngokufihlakeleyo kwaye uguqule ulwazi, uvelise amanani akhuselekileyo akhuselekileyo, kwaye uphathe utyikityo lwedijithali usebenzisa i-algorithms esemgangathweni yoshishino. Uninzi lwezifundo ezivavanya ukhuseleko zibonisa indlela yokusebenzisa ngokuchanekileyo ezi APIs ukukhusela ulwazi olunobuthathaka olunje ngamagama ayimfihlo okanye iithokheni.

Ukuqalisa nge.NET: ufakelo kunye noseta

Phambi kokuntywila kuyo nayiphi na i-.NET tutorial, kufuneka ube ne-SDK efanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo ezifakiweyo. Okudingayo kuxhomekeke noko kwindlela yakho yokusebenza kwaye nokuba ujolise kweyakudala .NET Framework okanye iqonga elinqamlezayo langoku .NET.

Kwi-Windows, i-.NET Framework ihlala ihlohlwa kwangaphambili kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza. Ukufumana amava ophuhliso apheleleyo, uyafaka ngokuqhelekileyo IziXhobo zeStudiyo zokuBonakalayo zeeAplikheyishini, edibanisa izakhelo ezifunekayo, abaqulunqi, abayili, abalungisi kunye neetemplates zeprojekthi zophuhliso olugxile kwiWindows njengeWinForms, WPF okanye ASP.NET kwi.NET Framework.

Kwi-macOS kunye neLinux, i-Classic .NET Framework ayifumaneki, kodwa ungayifaka i .NET SDK yeqonga .NET langoku. Le SDK ikuvumela ukuba wakhe kwaye usebenzise i-console apps, usetyenziso lwewebhu nge-ASP.NET Core kunye nezinye iintlobo ezininzi zeprojekthi kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza usebenzisa izixhobo kunye nemiyalelo efanayo.

Ufakelo lwe-.NET SDK yongeza isixhobo somgca we-dotnet yomyalelo kwisixokelelwano sakho. Ngesi sixhobo unokwenza iiprojekthi ezintsha kwiitemplates, ubuyisele ukuxhomekeka, ukwakha, ukuqhuba, ukuvavanya kunye nokupapasha izicelo zakho kwi-terminal. Izifundo ezininzi zamanyathelo ngamanyathelo zijikeleza le CLI njengoko isebenza rhoqo kuwo onke amaqonga.

Amaxwebhu asemthethweni kunye neziza zokufundisa zihlala zibonelela ngamakhonkco okhuphelo oluthe ngqo yee-SDK zamva nje, kunye nolwazi oluhambelana nenguqulelo. Xa uqalisa iprojekthi entsha, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ufake elona guqulelo lwamva nje lweNkxaso yeXesha eLide (LTS) lwe-.NET ukuze ufumane uhlaziyo kunye neepetshi zokhuseleko ixesha elide.

Ukumisela iKhowudi ye-Visual Studio yophuhliso lwe-NET

IKhowudi ye-Visual Studio (iKhowudi ye-VS) ngumhleli odumileyo, okhaphukhaphu abaphuhlisi abaninzi basebenzise uphuhliso lwe-cross-platform .NET. Xa idityaniswe nezandiso ezichanekileyo, iba yindawo ekwaziyo kakhulu ukuhlela, ukulungisa iimpazamo kunye nokulawula iiprojekthi ze-C # kunye ne-F # kwiWindows, Linux kunye ne-macOS.

Ukufumana amava apheleleyo e-C # kwiKhowudi ye-VS, ungafaka i-C# Dev Kit ipakethi yolwandiso. Le phakheji izisa kunye izandiso ezininzi ezixhasayo ezibonelela ngeenkonzo zolwimi, isisombululo kunye nolawulo lweprojekthi, itemplates, ukufunyanwa kovavanyo, ukulungisa iimpazamo kunye nokugqitywa kwekhowudi yokuncedisa nge-IntelliCode yeC # Dev Kit ukuba ukhetha ukuyifaka.

Ulwandiso olungundoqo lwe-C # lubonelela ngeempawu zolwimi ezibalulekileyo njenge-IntelliSense (ukugqitywa okuhlakaniphileyo), ukugqamisa kwe-syntax, ukukhangela ikhowudi, ukulungiswa kwakhona kunye nokudibanisa ukulungisa. Ngaphezulu koko, umaleko we-C # Dev Kit wongeza amandla okusebenza ngezisombululo ezinkulu kunye neeprojekthi ngendlela efana ne-Visual Studio epheleleyo.

Ukuba ufuna F# inkxaso, kukho kwakhona .NET Extension Pack ekhoyo ukuba amaqela kunye izandiso ezininzi .NET iilwimi kunye nezixhobo. Ungafaka ipakethe epheleleyo okanye ukhethe kuphela izongezo zomntu ozifunayo, kuxhomekeke ekubeni uceba ukusebenza kuzo zombini i-C# kunye no-F# okanye enye yazo.

Gcina ukhumbula ukuba i-.NET SDK ngokwayo isafuneka, nokuba unezongezo zeKhowudi zeVS ezilungileyo. Umhleli kunye nezandiso zixhomekeke kubaqulunqi be-SDK, ixesha lokuqhuba kunye nenkqubo yeprojekthi yokwakha kunye nokuqhuba usetyenziso lwakho. Ngaphandle kwe-SDK, awuzukwazi ukwenza imiyalelo yedotnet okanye uqhube iiprojekthi zakho ngempumelelo.

Ukwenza izicelo zakho zokuqala ze-C # kunye ne-F# console

Enye yeendlela ezilula zokuqalisa ukuhlola i-.NET tutorials kukwakha i-console "Hello World" app. Oku kukunika ukuva okusebenzayo kwezixhobo kunye nolwakhiwo lweprojekthi ngaphandle kokukongamela ngesakhelo se-UI okanye ukuxhomekeka okunzima.

Ukwenza i-C # console app usebenzisa i-dotnet CLI, vula i-terminal okanye i-prompt yomyalelo, yiya kwifolda apho ufuna iprojekthi yakho kwaye usebenzise umyalelo dotnet console entsha. Oku kuvelisa iprojekthi esisiseko ngefayile yeNkqubo kunye nendlela encinci yokungena eshicilela umyalezo kwiconsole.

Xa uqala ukuvula le folda entsha eyenziweyo kwiKhowudi yeVS, umhleli ufumanisa ukuba iqulethe iprojekthi ye.NET kwaye unokubonisa ngokukhawuleza ukucela ukongeza ii-asethi ezifunekayo ukwakha kunye nokucoca iprojekthi. Ukwamkela olu ncedo luqwalasela imisebenzi kunye nokuqaliswa kwezicwangciso ukuze ukwazi ukuqulunqa kwaye ulungise ngqo kwi-interface yomhleli.

Ukwenza isicelo kulula njengokuphumeza idotnet eqhutywa kulawulo lweprojekthi. I-CLI iqokelela ikhowudi ukuba iyafuneka kwaye emva koko iqale ephunyeziweyo, ibonisa isiphumo kwi-terminal yakho. Ukusuka apho ungawulungisa umyalezo, wongeze izinto eziguquguqukayo, wenze izibalo okanye uqalise ukwenza umfuniselo ngeempawu eziphambili ze-C# ezinje ngeelophu, iimeko, iindlela kunye neeklasi.

Ukwenza usetyenziso olusisiseko lwe-F# console lulandela ipateni efana kakhulu. Kwi-terminal, yiya kwifolda apho ufuna khona iprojekthi kwaye uqhube dotnet entsha console -lang “F#”. Nje ukuba lo myalelo ugqityiwe, unokuvula iprojekthi kwiKhowudi yeVS nge ikhowudi . kwaye emva koko uyakha kwaye uyiqhube usebenzisa baleka idotnet. Le ndlela ikunika amava ngoko nangoko nge F# syntax kunye neengqikelelo zeprogramu esebenzayo ngaphezulu kwe .NET yexesha lokusebenza.

Ukufunda i-C# ngokwenza: abahleli, imithambo kunye neekhwizi

Iindawo ezininzi zokufundisa ezidumileyo ze-C# zamkela indlela yokufunda esebenzisanayo. Endaweni yokubonisa ithiyori engatshintshiyo kuphela, babandakanya abahleli abasekwe kwisikhangeli apho unokuguqula imizekelo yekhowudi kwaye uyenze ngoko nangoko. Esi simbo "zama ngokwakho" sisebenza ngokukhethekileyo kubaphuhlisi abatsha kuba sijika ukufunda kube luvavanyo.

Aba bahleli be-intanethi bahlala bekuvumela ukuba udibanise iziqwengana ze-C # ngqo kwiphepha, emva koko uqokelele kwaye uwaqhube kwindawo ekhuselekileyo. Ungatshintsha amaxabiso aguquguqukayo, uhlengahlengise i-loops, ungenise iimpazamo zangabom ukuze ubone imiyalezo yomqokeleli kwaye ngokubanzi ufumane imvakalelo yendlela ulwimi oluphendula ngayo kwiinguqu zakho ngaphandle kokufaka nantoni na endaweni.

Izahluko ezininzi kwiimfundiso ezinjalo ziphela ngemithambo emincinci Ijonge ukukhangela ukuba uyasiqonda na ngenyani isihloko osanda kufunda ngaso. Unokucelwa ukuba ubhale indlela, ulungise i-bug kwikhowudi esele ikhona, okanye uqikelele imveliso yesnippet. Ingxelo ekhawulezileyo evela kule mithambo inceda ukubethelela iikhonsepthi kwaye iqaqambise iindawo apho unokufuna ukuphinda ujonge ingcaciso.

Amanye amaqonga ancedisana nemithambo ngeekhwizi ezicwangcisiweyo. Le mibuzo isoloko iqulathe imibuzo yokhetho oluninzi echaphazela isintaksi, iisemantiki kunye nezona zenzo zilungileyo. Njengoko uzigqibezela, ufumana umbono ogwenxa wokuba uzithembe kangakanani ngezihloko ezinjengeentlobo, ukuhamba kolawulo, inkqubo ejolise kwinto okanye i-LINQ, kwaye ngawaphi amacandelo afanele ukujongwa ngakumbi.

Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba kwiindawo ezininzi zokufunda ukwenza i-akhawunti kuyakhethwa. Unokufunda imathiriyeli ebhaliweyo, uqhube imizekelo kwaye usombulule umthambo ngaphandle kokubhalisa. Iiakhawunti zihlala zifuneka kuphela ukuba ufuna ukulandelela inkqubela yakho, gcina iziqwengana zekhowudi okanye uvule iimpawu ezongezelelweyo ezenzelwe wena, ukuze uqalise ukuzama ngemizuzwana.

Ngaphaya kwe.NET: iitekhnoloji ezinxulumeneyo uya kuzibona rhoqo kwizifundo

Iiplatifti zokufundisa ezibanzi .NET azifane zithintelwe kwitekhnoloji enye kuphela. Bakholisa ukugubungela i-ecosystem ebanzi ukuze abaphuhlisi bakhule babe ziindima ezipheleleyo okanye bafunde izakhono ezihambelanayo ezihambelana kakuhle nophuhliso lwe-.NET kwiiprojekthi zehlabathi lokwenyani.

Ngaphakathi kwelizwe le-NET ngokwalo, uya kufumana ukhuselo oluneenkcukacha lwe-ASP.NET Core ukwakha iqonga elinqamlezileyo, usetyenziso lwewebhu olusebenza kakhulu kunye neeAPI; I-ASP.NET MVC kunye neWeb API yelifa okanye iiprojekthi zenguqu; INkqubo-sikhokelo yeQumrhu yokwenziwa kwemephu enxulumene nenjongo kunye nokufikelela kuluhlu lwedatha; kunye ne-LINQ njengolwimi olucacileyo lombuzo oludityaniswe kwi-C # ukusebenza ngokuqokelelwa kunye nemithombo yedatha.

Iindawo ezininzi zokufunda zikwabonelela ngemathiriyeli ebanzi kwezinye iilwimi zokucwangcisa njengeJava (zombini ezingundoqo kunye nezihloko eziphambili, eziquka iiNkonzo, i-JSP, i-JDBC kunye nezicwangciso-sikhokelo ezithandwayo ezifana neNtwasahlobo kunye ne-Hibernate), i-C kunye ne-C++ yenkqubo yezinga elisezantsi, kunye nePython yemisebenzi efana nohlalutyo lwedatha, i-automation, iscripting okanye uphuhliso lwewebhu. Ezi lwimi zihambelana nezakhono ze-NET kwaye zandise ibhokisi yesixhobo sakho.

Izihloko ezingaphambili kunye nophuhliso olupheleleyo zidla ngokuba yinxalenye yekharityhulamu enye. Izifundo zihlala zibandakanya iJavaScript (umzekelo, funda ukwenza njani yenza iwebhusayithi ukusuka ekuqaleni), i-HTML, i-CSS, i-Bootstrap, i-jQuery, kunye nezakhelo zanamhlanje ezifana ne-Angular kunye ne-React. Idityaniswe ne-Node.js, ezi ziqwenga zenza izisombululo ezigcweleyo ezifana ne-MEAN (i-MongoDB, i-Express, i-Angular, i-Node.js) kunye ne-MERN (i-MongoDB, i-Express, i-React, i-Node.js) abaninzi abaphuhlisi be-NET badibanisa nge-APIs kunye ne-microservices.

Ngaphandle kophuhliso lwesicelo, amacandelo ahambele phambili ngakumbi anokuhlola i-computing yelifu kunye nemimandla yedatha-centric. Uza kubona izifundo kwi-Azure kunye ne-AWS yokuthunyelwa kunye nokulinganisa iinkonzo ze-NET, izixhobo kwi-architecture ye-microservices, kunye nokuntywila ngokujulile kwisayensi yedatha kunye nokufunda komatshini usebenzisa iilwimi ezifana nePython okanye iilayibrari ezikhoyo kwi-.NET ecosystem ngokwayo.

Amanye amaqonga ade akhuthaze ukuthatha inxaxheba koluntu ngezithuba zeendwendwe kunye negalelo. Abaphuhlisi abanamava banokubelana ngamanqaku, izifundo zezehlo okanye izifundo kwizihloko ezifana nolwakhiwo lwedatha, i-algorithms, i-UI frameworks okanye iipateni zomva. Oku kudala isiseko solwazi esiphilayo, esiguqukayo kwaye kunika abaxhasi ithuba lokwakha ipotfoliyo kawonke-wonke yokubhala ngobugcisa.

Izixhobo zokufunda zanamhlanje ze-NET zijonge ukuvala umsantsa phakathi kwethiyori kunye nokusebenza. Badibanisa ingcaciso yengqikelelo, imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenyani, imithambo, iikhwizi kunye nonxibelelwano loluntu ukuze ungaqondi nje ukuba iqonga lisebenza njani, kodwa uzive unentembelo yokulisebenzisa ukwakha usetyenziso olukhuselekileyo, olunokwehla nolunokugcinwa kukhuphiswano lwesoftware lwanamhlanje.