C ++

Ngokuqinisekileyo, nantsi into ehamba ngayo:

Ehlabathini lenkqubo yeC ++, uhlala ufuna ukuguqula iindidi. Ukuguqulwa kunokusuka kuhlobo lwedatha olulula ukuya kuhlobo oluyinkimbinkimbi, ukusuka kwiklasi efunyenweyo ukuya kwiklasi yesiseko, okanye ukusuka kulo naluphi na uhlobo olunikeziweyo ukuya kulo naluphi na uhlobo. I-C++ ibonelela ngeendlela ezine zokusasa ukwenza olu guqulelo: `i-static_cast`, `dynamic_cast`, `reinterpret_cast`, kunye ne-C++ style cast. Kweli nqaku, siza kuxoxa nge `static_cast` ngokwenkcukacha.

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Ukwenza abalawuli kwi-C++ asingomsebenzi nje omncinane. Ijongisisa kwimisebenzi entsonkothileyo ngaphakathi kolwakhiwo lokubala kwaye ibonise umsebenzi onyanzelekileyo wokuguqula inkqubo yefayile. Ukujongana nabalawuli - ukudala, ukucima okanye ukufunda - yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeprogram ye-OS-level. Ukuqonda 'mkdir', indlela esebenza ngayo, kunye neenkcukacha zayo ezimfutshane zingqineke ziluncedo kuye nawuphi na umntu osebenza neC++ inkqubo.

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Unicode Lulwazi lweshishini lekhompyutha oluphuhliswe ukubethelela, ukumela, kunye nokuguqula umbhalo ochazwe kuninzi lweenkqubo zokubhala zehlabathi. Isuka kwiialfabhethi ezisisiseko zesiLatini ukuya kwimibhalo entsonkothileyo efana nesiTshayina, isiKorea, kunye neelwimi zaseIndiya.

Kwinkqubo, ukuqonda i-Unicode kubalulekile ngenxa yokwenziwa kwedijithali ngokukhawuleza kweelwimi ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Ngokukodwa kwi C ++, ukuqonda okufanelekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-Unocode kunokuqinisekisa ukuba isofthiwe oyiphuhlisayo iya kusingatha ngokufanelekileyo izicatshulwa zeelwimi ezahlukeneyo.

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Ngokuqinisekileyo, masiqalise.

Kweli nqaku, sixoxa ngengxaki eqhelekileyo ejongene nabaphuhlisi abasebenzisa ulwimi lwenkqubo ye-C++: indlela yokuzalisa uluhlu ngo-zero. Ngomnye wale misebenzi ibonakala isisiseko, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela yokwenza ngokufanelekileyo ukugcina ukusebenza kwekhowudi efanelekileyo. Kwi-C++, kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuzalisa uluhlu ngo-0, kwaye siza kuhlalutya ezi ndlela nzulu ukuqonda iziphumo zazo ekusebenzeni kwekhowudi yakho.

Kwi-C ++, ii-arrays zizakhiwo zedatha ezibandakanya izinto zohlobo olufanayo, ezigcinwe ngokudibeneyo kwimemori. Enye yeempawu eziphambili ze-arrays kwi-C ++ kukuba inobungakanani obusisigxina. Olu phawu lobungakanani obusisigxina luhlala luvelisa iimeko apho kufuneka siqalise okanye sigcwalise uluhlu ngexabiso elithile, njengo-0.

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Ngokuqinisekileyo. Nantsi indlela esinokuyijonga ngayo le nto:

Njengomphuhlisi, ungahlala ujongana neemeko apho kufuneka ucwangcise ujongano lomsebenzisi. Enye imeko enjalo inokubandakanya ukufihla ikhesa. Nangona kubonakala kunzima, ungakhathazeki. I-C++ ibonelela ngendlela elula kakhulu yokuphumeza oku.

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Njengengcungela yefashoni kunye nenkqubo, ndiyabubulela ubuhle bamazwe omabini, nokuba kusenziwa i-char engakhethiyo. Ehlabathini le-C ++, lo msebenzi unokulinganiswa nokuhombisa impahla egqibeleleyo: ifuna ukuqonda imigaqo-siseko, ubuchule bokuyila, kunye ne-dash of randomness ukwenza kube mnandi.

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Isoftware yokubhala inokuba ngumsebenzi ontsonkothileyo kunye noxandileyo, ngakumbi xa ujongana nezakhiwo zedatha njengeemephu kwi-C ++. Ilayibrari eqhelekileyo ye-C++ isinika i-std::maphu, eyisikhongozeli esidibanisayo esigcina izinto ezenziwe ngokudityaniswa kwexabiso eliphambili kunye nexabiso lemaphu, ngokulandela ulandelelwano oluthile.

Std::maphu sisixhobo esiluncedo sokubamba izibini zexabiso elingundoqo ngendlela evumela inkqubo ukuba ijonge ngokukhawuleza ixabiso elinxulumene nesitshixo esithile. Ikwenza oku ngokuhlela ngokuzenzekelayo amangeniso ayo ngesitshixo. Imephu idla ngokusetyenziswa xa sifuna ukugcina idatha ikwimo yohlobo oluthile lwexabiso elingundoqo okanye ukuba kukho okukodwa kwidatha yethu. Ngokuqhelekileyo zisetyenziswa xa kukhangelwa amaxabiso ngendlela efana nesichazi-magama.

[b]

Funda Okuninzi

Izikwere ezigqibeleleyo zibamba ixabiso elibalulekileyo kwimathematika yokusombulula ingxaki kunye ne-algorithms. Zibalulekile, nakwizibalo zemihla ngemihla kunye neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo. Kudweliso lwenkqubo, kusoloko kukho imfuneko yokumisela ukuba inani elithile lisisikwere esigqibeleleyo okanye hayi. Ukumisela ngokufanelekileyo oku kunokwenza okanye ukwaphule ukusebenza kwe-algorithm. Kula macandelo alandelayo, siza kuhlola ubuchule bokumisela ukuba inani lisisikwere esigqibeleleyo kulwimi lweprogram ye-C++.

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Ngokuqinisekileyo, nali inqaku olicelileyo kuquka zonke iimfuno ozikhankanyileyo:

Igalelo elikhawulezayo kunye nePhumo (FastIO) lichazwa njengendlela phakathi kwabaphuhlisi ukukhawulezisa ukudluliselwa kwedatha. Kwinkqubo yokukhuphisana, i-FastIO ibonwa njengendlela ekhethekileyo yokwandisa imisebenzi yokufunda nokubhala, ngaloo ndlela ikhawuleza yonke inkqubo yokubhala ikhowudi.

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